Overview:

Testicle cancer, also known as testicular cancer, is a type of cancer that occurs in the testicles, the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone. It is relatively rare but is the most common cancer in young men aged 15 to 35. Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially when diagnosed early, and has a high cure rate.

Causes:

The exact cause of testicular cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. These include a history of undescended testicles (cryptorchidism), family history of testicular cancer, and certain genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome. Other potential risk factors may include age, race (more common in Caucasian men), and a history of testicular cancer in one testicle, which increases the risk of developing cancer in the other testicle.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of testicular cancer may include a lump or swelling in one testicle, a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, dull ache or pain in the lower abdomen or groin, and changes in the size or shape of the testicles. Some men may also experience breast tenderness or growth due to hormonal changes. If any of these symptoms occur, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for evaluation.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of testicular cancer typically begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination, including an examination of the testicles. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, are commonly used to visualize the testicles and assess for abnormalities. Blood tests may also be conducted to measure tumor markers, including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which can help confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of cancer. A biopsy may not be performed on the testicles; instead, surgical removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy) is usually done for definitive diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment:

Treatment for testicular cancer depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Options may include surgery to remove the affected testicle, which is often the first step in treatment. Depending on the diagnosis, additional treatments may include surveillance (monitoring for recurrence), chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy may be recommended for certain types of testicular cancer, especially if it has spread beyond the testicle. In some cases, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) may be performed to remove nearby lymph nodes.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for testicular cancer is generally very good, particularly when detected early. The five-year survival rate for localized testicular cancer is over 95%, and even for advanced cases, treatment options can be effective. Regular follow-up care is essential for monitoring recovery and detecting any recurrence of the disease. Many men go on to lead healthy lives after treatment.

Prevention:

There is no guaranteed way to prevent testicular cancer, but certain measures may help reduce the risk. Regular self-examination of the testicles can aid in early detection of any lumps or changes. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, can also contribute to overall well-being. Men with a family history of testicular cancer or other risk factors should discuss screening and monitoring options with their healthcare provider.